Panjrapole are animal shelters, and they are the most concrete institutional expression of Jain ethics. Funded historically by mahajans, the merchant guilds of western India, some have operated for centuries; they take in working bullocks and horses too old to work, injured and stray dogs and cattle, and animals bought from butchers, and maintain them until they die naturally. Ahmedabad, Mumbai and towns across Gujarat and Rajasthan have large ones. The Charity Birds Hospital at the Digambar Jain temple opposite the Red Fort in Delhi, founded in 1929, treats thousands of birds a year free of charge and does not admit carnivorous birds as inpatients, on the grounds that it cannot feed them without killing. Jain trusts also fund drought and famine relief for cattle, and historically negotiated and paid for temporary bans on slaughter during Paryushana in various Indian cities — a practice that has periodically become a political flashpoint, most recently in Mumbai in 2015, where a court partially struck down the ban. The doctrinal root is abhaya-dana, and the pattern of giving follows it precisely: no missions, no conversion, and a great deal of veterinary care.