The synagogue and the rabbi.
A rabbi is a teacher and judge, not a priest — since the Temple fell, no altar stands between a Jew and God.
The synagogue is a replacement technology: after the Temple fell in 70 CE, sacrifice ended and study, prayer, and assembly took its place — a transformation so complete that most Jews now practice a religion the Temple priesthood would barely recognize. A rabbi is not a priest and has no sacramental power: the title means teacher, the authority is scholarly, and any ten adults constitute a quorum for prayer with or without one. Hereditary priestly descent (kohanim) survives only in vestigial ritual roles.
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