Book of Kells, Chi Rho folio, c. 800 · public domain

Christianity

Tradition·Founded 30 CE·est. ~2.4 billion worldwide

Judaism → Christianity → 11 branches

Branch
Core tenet of Christianity⚖ contested within

One person, two natures — or one nature out of two.

Chalcedon, 451: Christ is made known in two natures, without confusion and without division. The Copts, Armenians, Ethiopians and Syriacs refused the wording and have been a separate communion ever since — the oldest surviving split in Christianity, and by the joint statements signed at Chambesy in 1989 and 1990, largely a fight over one Greek noun.

Understanding it — context, not catechism: how this passage is held

This is the oldest split still standing, and it is the one Western Christians most often do not know exists. Chalcedon in 451 defined Christ as one person in two natures. Alexandria's theologians, following Cyril, held that speaking of two natures after the union divided Christ, and preferred one incarnate nature out of two — miaphysite, not monophysite, and the distinction matters, because they never taught that the humanity was swallowed up. The Coptic, Ethiopian, Eritrean, Armenian, Syriac and Indian Orthodox churches went their own way and have been called heretics by Greeks and Latins for fifteen centuries. Then, in 1989 and 1990 at Chambesy, joint commissions of Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox theologians signed statements agreeing that both families have always held the same faith in different vocabulary. Formal reunion has not happened, largely over the mutual anathemas and the saints each side canonised for cursing the other, which is an unusually honest reason for a stalemate.

From the sources — the passages this rests on; concise renderings, cited

One and the same Christ, made known in two natures, without confusion, without change, without division, without separation.

Definition of Chalcedon, 451 (rendered)

Four negatives and no positive account — the council fenced the mystery rather than explaining it.

The same ground, other faiths

claims that share this one's ideas
One incarnate nature of the Word. The Coptic Orthodox Church Go deeper →
Tewahedo — made one. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Go deeper →
One nature, and one finger to say it. The Syriac Orthodox Church Go deeper →
Two natures, two qnome, one prosopon. The Assyrian Church of the East Go deeper →
God is Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Shekinah Church Go deeper →

The conversation

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