The historic peace churches — Mennonites, Quakers, the Church of the Brethren — read the Sermon on the Mount as forbidding violence outright and have paid for it in every conscription of the modern era, with members jailed in both world wars and Mennonite communities repeatedly migrating to escape military service. The rest of the tradition uses just war doctrine, developed by Augustine and refined by Aquinas: right authority, just cause, right intention, proportionality, last resort, reasonable prospect of success. The honest criticism of it is that no state has ever failed to satisfy the criteria to its own satisfaction. The honest criticism of pacifism is that it is a position a minority can hold because a majority does not. Both sides quote the same chapter, and the argument has run for nineteen centuries without either winning.