Mawlid.
The Prophet's birthday, kept with poems, processions, lights and sweets in most of the Muslim world, and refused as an unwarranted innovation by Salafis and in Saudi Arabia. It began about three centuries after the Prophet, which both sides agree on and read in opposite directions.
The Mawlid is the clearest ritual dividing line in Sunni Islam. It celebrates the Prophet's birth on 12 Rabi al-Awwal with recitation of poetry in his praise — the thirteenth-century Burda of al-Busiri above all — processions, street lights, food given to the poor, and in Egypt sugar dolls sold for the occasion. It is a public holiday in most Muslim-majority countries. It also began roughly three centuries after the Prophet, under the Fatimids and then more broadly, and Salafi and Wahhabi scholars reject it as bida, an innovation in religion, since the Prophet and the first generations did not keep it. Saudi Arabia does not observe it. The defenders, who include Al-Azhar and the vast majority of Sufi-inflected Sunni Islam, answer that not every new practice is forbidden and that love of the Prophet is commanded. Both sides agree on the history and disagree entirely on what follows from it, which makes it a good test case for how a tradition handles its own additions.
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