Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486–1534) is regarded in this line as Krishna himself, appearing in the mood of Radha. What he actually did was take devotional singing out of the temple and into the streets of Navadvipa and Puri, in defiance of local authority, and admit anyone who would sing regardless of caste. The Chaitanya Charitamrita records it and the movement re-enacts it. Every harinama party in a Western city — the drums, the saffron, the leaflets — is a direct continuation of a sixteenth-century Bengali social act, and devotees are quick to point out that the strangeness is the tradition and not an adaptation.