Kavanah is the name of a problem built into fixed liturgy: the same words, at the same times, for a lifetime, will run without the person saying them. The Mishnah warns against making prayer keva — fixed, routine — and the Talmud debates whether prayer said without intention has been said at all, eventually ruling that only the first line of the Shema and the first blessing of the Amidah strictly require it, which is a legal accommodation to how people actually are. Techniques accumulated: the kabbalists attached specific divine names and meditative intentions to individual words, the musar movement of nineteenth-century Lithuania worked on it through slow repetitive chanting of ethical texts, and Hasidism used melody, movement and volume. The founding argument between Hasidim and Mitnagdim was largely about this — the Hasidim charged that Lithuanian prayer was correct and empty, and the Lithuanians charged that Hasidic prayer was full of feeling and late, since the Hasidim delayed the service past the legal time to prepare themselves. Both charges were accurate.