The gods receive offerings and give in return.
Agni carries the oblation upward; the hymns name thirty-three gods and flatter them beautifully.
The Vedic exchange is stated plainly in the texts: I give so that you may give. Offerings poured into fire feed the gods, who return rain, cattle, sons, and long life, and the relationship is contractual rather than devotional — there is little of the love or surrender that bhakti later brings. Critics inside the tradition noticed early: the Upanishads compare sacrifice-derived heaven to a leaky boat, since the merit runs out and you return.
The same ground, other faiths
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