Heaven runs out. Liberation does not.
Svarga is a reward with an expiry date — good karma spends down and the soul comes back. Moksha is the only exit, and every school in the tradition, however violently it disagrees about what moksha is, agrees that it is the point.
Every Hindu funeral rite is aimed at getting the dead safely to a heaven or a good rebirth, and the theology behind it says both are temporary. This produces a two-storey religion that the tradition is entirely open about: most people, most of the time, are working for a good next life, an ancestral realm, or relief from a specific trouble, and the goal of ending rebirth altogether belongs to renunciates and to old age. The Upanishads treat heaven with something close to contempt — a place where merit is consumed and the soul is then sent back down. What the schools then fight about is the mechanism: knowledge in Advaita, surrender in the Vaishnava schools, the exhaustion of karma in Mimamsa-influenced accounts, the isolation of consciousness from nature in Samkhya-Yoga. Jainism and Buddhism, which are outside the Vedic fold, agree with all of this about heaven and disagree about almost everything else.
The same ground, other faiths
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