The gap between what the sources say about sexual ethics and what modern Muslim-majority legal codes do is the point. Classical law requires four upright adult witnesses to the act itself — a standard that essentially never occurs — and punishes a failed accusation with eighty lashes and permanent loss of legal credibility. The functional effect was to make prosecution nearly impossible and public accusation extremely dangerous, which is a privacy regime rather than an enforcement regime. The Quran also has an escape hatch for the accused wife, the li'an oath. Where this has gone badly wrong is in twentieth-century codification: Pakistan's Hudood Ordinances of 1979 collapsed the distinction between zina and rape so that a woman reporting rape without four witnesses risked being charged herself, and the Women's Protection Bill of 2006 only partly undid it. Muslim jurists, including at al-Azhar, have said publicly that these statutes invert the classical law rather than apply it. The other live argument is over what the rules mean for gay Muslims, where classical law is uniformly prohibitive and a small but growing body of Muslim scholarship is contesting the readings.