The priesthood of all believers.
Every baptized Christian stands before God without intermediary — clergy differ in function, not in access.
Protestant church governance divides three ways: episcopal (bishops), presbyterian (elected elders in councils), and congregational (each local church self-governing). Those structures shaped secular politics wherever they took hold — the New England town meeting and Scottish presbyterian assemblies are frequently cited as rehearsals for democratic institutions. The tradeoff Protestants acknowledge is that without a final arbiter, disagreement resolves by separation, and roughly 45,000 denominations is the result.
The same ground, other faiths
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