Confucianism

Tradition·Founded c. 500 BCE·uncounted — a tradition more than a membership

Confucianism

Branch
T Figure of Confucianism

The Duke of Zhou.

Confucius's own model — the regent who consolidated the dynasty, is credited with the rites and the institutions, and then handed the state to his nephew when the boy came of age. Confucius measured his own decline by how long it had been since he had dreamt of him.

Names & titlesThe Duke of Zhou, eleventh century BCE
DomainThe rites, the institutions, and the handing back of power
RelationsRegent for his nephew; Confucius's own model, whom he dreamt of
Depicted asIn archaic court dress, at Qufu
StandingConfucius said his decline was measured by how long it had been since he last dreamt of the Duke of Zhou
Understanding it — context, not catechism: how this passage is held

The Duke of Zhou is Confucius's model rather than Confucius himself being the tradition's starting point, which is a distinction the tradition takes seriously. Younger brother of King Wu, who overthrew the Shang, he acted as regent for his nephew King Cheng during the dynasty's fragile early years, put down a major rebellion led by his own brothers who accused him of usurpation, consolidated the eastern territories, and then returned the government to the king when he came of age. Tradition credits him with establishing the ritual and musical order — the li and yue that Confucius spent his life trying to restore — and with the feudal settlement of the early Zhou. Confucius took the return of power as the decisive fact. His remark in Analects 7.5, that he had grown very weak because it had been a long time since he last dreamt of the Duke of Zhou, is one of the most quoted lines in the book and is usually read as a statement about ageing and about the receding of the possibility of restoring the old order.

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