Jainism

Tradition·Founded c. 550 BCE·est. ~4–5 million worldwide

Vedic Religion → Jainism

Branch
Core tenet of Jainism

Syadvada — the sevenfold answer.

Every statement is prefixed with syat, in some respect. From some standpoint it is; from some standpoint it is not; from some standpoint it is and is not; from some standpoint it is indescribable — and three combinations of those. It is a formal logic for holding partial truths without collapsing them.

Understanding it — context, not catechism: how this passage is held

Anekantavada is the metaphysical claim that reality has innumerable aspects; syadvada is the linguistic discipline that follows from it. Every assertion is prefixed with syat — usually rendered as in some respect, and specifically not as maybe, which the tradition is emphatic about. The seven predications are: in some respect it is; in some respect it is not; in some respect it is and is not; in some respect it is indescribable; and three combinations of the fourth with the first three. The apparatus was developed partly as a philosophical peace treaty — Jain logicians used it to show that Buddhist momentariness and Vedantic permanence are each true from a particular standpoint, or naya — and it made Jain philosophy notably good at summarising opponents fairly, since the opponent's position is by construction partly correct. Critics from Shankara onward argued that a doctrine which will not assert anything flatly cannot assert itself either. Jain logicians answered, at length, that syadvada is asserted from the standpoint of complete knowledge and is not itself one of the partial views, which the critics did not find satisfying.

From the sources — the passages this rests on; concise renderings, cited

A thing is; a thing is not; a thing is and is not; a thing is indescribable — and each of these in combination. Every statement holds only in some respect.

The sevenfold predication, saptabhangi, standard formulation (rendered)

Syat means in some respect, and Jain logicians insist it does not mean maybe.

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