Book of Kells, Chi Rho folio, c. 800 · public domain

Christianity

Tradition·Founded 30 CE·est. ~2.4 billion worldwide

Judaism → Christianity → 11 branches

Branch
Scripture of Christianity

The books that vary.

There is no single Christian Bible. Protestants carry 66 books, Catholics 73, the Orthodox rather more, and the Ethiopian Tewahedo Church 81 — including Enoch and Jubilees, which nobody else kept and which the Ethiopians never lost.

LanguageGreek and Hebrew — and several surviving only in Ge'ez
ComposedRoughly 300 BCE to 100 CE
What it holdsTobit, Judith, Wisdom, Sirach, Baruch, the Maccabees — and in Ethiopia, Enoch, Jubilees and Meqabyan
How it is used66 books for most Protestants, 73 for Catholics, more again for the Orthodox, and 81 for the Ethiopian Tewahedo Church
Understanding it — context, not catechism: how this passage is held

There is no such thing as the Christian canon, singular, and the differences are not trivial. The Jewish scriptures circulated in a wider Greek collection and a narrower Hebrew one; the early church used the Greek. Jerome argued for the shorter Hebrew list and lost the argument in his own lifetime. Athanasius' Easter letter of 367 gives the earliest list of exactly the twenty-seven New Testament books we now have, and regional councils at Hippo in 393 and Carthage in 397 ratified a Western canon. The Reformers went back to the Hebrew list and moved the extra books to an appendix, from which Bible societies eventually dropped them altogether, which is why a Protestant Bible has 66 books and a Catholic one 73. Trent responded by defining the Catholic list dogmatically in 1546. The Orthodox churches include more still and have never legislated a precise number. The Ethiopian Tewahedo canon of 81 is the widest in Christianity and preserves 1 Enoch and Jubilees complete in Ge'ez when they survive nowhere else — which is how the Dead Sea Scrolls discoveries were checked against a living tradition.

From the sources — the passages this rests on; concise renderings, cited

These are the springs of salvation, so that one who thirsts may be satisfied by the sayings in them. Let no one add to these, or take anything from them.

Athanasius, Thirty-Ninth Festal Letter, Easter 367 (rendered)

The earliest surviving list of exactly the twenty-seven New Testament books.

The same ground, other faiths

claims that share this one's ideas
The councils. Buddhism · community Go deeper →
Argument, for the sake of heaven, is sacred. Judaism · core tenet Go deeper →
Tafsir. Islam Open the book →
Gurmatta — the Panth decides. Sikhism · community Go deeper →
Scripture, tradition, and reason. Anglicanism · core tenet Go deeper →
The umma of scholars. Sunni Islam · community Go deeper →

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