Qur'an folio in gold Kufic, 9th c. · Cleveland Museum of Art · CC0

Islam

Tradition·Founded 610 CE·est. ~2 billion worldwide

Islam → 4 branches

Branch
A Figure of Islam

Ali — and the fork in the road.

The Prophet's cousin, raised in his house, married to his daughter, and the first male to believe on most countings. Sunnis rank him fourth among the rightly guided caliphs. Shia hold he was designated at Ghadir Khumm and passed over three times before he was allowed the job.

Names & titlesAli ibn Abi Talib — Amir al-Mu'minin, Haydar, Abu Turab
DomainJustice, courage, and the inner sense of the Quran
RelationsCousin and son-in-law of the Prophet; husband of Fatima; father of Hasan and Husayn
Depicted asNot depicted in Sunni practice; devotional portraits of him are sold openly in Iranian and Iraqi bazaars
StandingFourth of the rightly guided caliphs to Sunnis; the first Imam and rightful successor to Shia
Understanding it — context, not catechism: how this passage is held

Ali is the figure Sunnis and Shia both love and cannot agree about, and any honest page has to hold both. Sunnis venerate him as the fourth caliph, the lion of God, the most eloquent man after the Prophet, and read the Ghadir Khumm declaration as an affirmation of affection and standing. Shia read the same event as a formal designation and count everything after it as usurpation. His caliphate, when it finally came, was consumed by civil war against Aisha at the Battle of the Camel and against Mu'awiya at Siffin, and he was murdered in the mosque at Kufa in 661 by a Kharijite who thought he had compromised. The Nahj al-Balagha, the collection of his sermons and letters, is read devotionally by Shia and admired as Arabic prose well beyond them. Devotional portraiture of Ali is common in Iran and Iraq and would be considered scandalous in Riyadh or Cairo.

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