Qur'an folio in gold Kufic, 9th c. · Cleveland Museum of Art · CC0

Islam

Tradition·Founded 610 CE·est. ~2 billion worldwide

Islam → 4 branches

Branch
T Figure of Islam

The Companions — and the quarrel over them.

Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman: the first three caliphs, and to Sunnis the best generation after the Prophet, whose collective reliability is what makes hadith usable at all. Aisha transmitted more than two thousand reports and led an army. Shia tradition holds that several of them wronged Ali — and in some countries saying so out loud is a crime.

Names & titlesAbu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, Aisha, Salman al-Farisi, Abu Hurayra
DomainTransmission — every chain of hadith begins with one of them
RelationsFathers-in-law, sons-in-law, and in the end rivals of one another
Depicted asNot depicted; their names hang in giant roundels under the dome of the Hagia Sophia
StandingHeld collectively upright by Sunnis; assessed one at a time by Shia
Understanding it — context, not catechism: how this passage is held

Sunni Islam depends on the Companions in a way it does not always advertise: if their reports are unreliable, the hadith corpus collapses and with it most of the law. Hence the doctrine of ta'dil al-sahaba, the collective uprightness of the generation, which is a methodological necessity as much as a devotional stance. Shia Islam assesses them individually and finds many of them wanting, transmitting instead through the Imams — which is why the two traditions have almost entirely separate hadith collections. The cursing of the first three caliphs, sabb al-sahaba, has been criminalized in various Sunni states, and Shia jurists including Khamenei have issued rulings against insulting figures Sunnis revere. Aisha sits at the sharpest point of this: the Prophet's most beloved wife and a major jurist to Sunnis, and the woman who led an army against Ali to Shia. Her age at marriage, given as six or nine in Bukhari, is disputed on internal-chronology grounds by a growing number of Muslim scholars.

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