Borobudur at sunrise · Justine Hong · CC BY 2.0

Buddhism

Tradition·Founded c. 480 BCE·est. ~500 million worldwide

Vedic Religion → Buddhism → 3 branches

Branch
M Figure of Buddhism

Mahapajapati — the first nun.

The Buddha's aunt and foster mother asked to ordain and was refused, three times. She shaved her head, walked barefoot after him with a following, and was admitted — with eight extra rules attached that have been argued over ever since.

Names & titlesMahapajapati Gotami
DomainThe founding of the order of nuns
RelationsAnanda argued her case; the Buddha conceded it
Depicted asAlmost never — she has close to no iconography, which is itself the record
StandingFirst woman ordained, by the tradition's own account of itself
Understanding it — context, not catechism: how this passage is held

Mahapajapati raised Siddhartha after his mother died, and when she asked to ordain she was refused three times. The account has her shaving her head, putting on robes, and walking to Vesali with a company of women, arriving with swollen feet — at which point Ananda argued her case and asked the Buddha directly whether women could reach awakening. He said yes. She was admitted, along with eight garudhammas, additional rules subordinating even the seniormost nun to the most junior monk, and a remark attributed to him that the teaching would now last half as long. Scholars widely regard the eight rules and the remark as later insertions. Either way they are in the canon, and the female ordination lineage lapsed in Theravada countries centuries later — which is the argument being had today.

From the sources — the passages this rests on; concise renderings, cited

Are women, having gone forth, able to realise the fruits of the path? — They are able, Ananda.

Cullavagga X (rendered)

The exchange the tradition preserved, immediately before the eight extra rules.

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